{"id":2350,"date":"2021-06-16T15:43:41","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T07:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350"},"modified":"2021-08-05T11:27:52","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T03:27:52","slug":"%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e8%a1%8c%e6%94%bf%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8-108%e5%b9%b4%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e7%89%b9%e8%80%83%e8%80%83%e5%89%8d%e8%a1%9d%e5%88%ba-%e9%80%99%e4%ba%9b%e8%a7%80","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350","title":{"rendered":"\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78-\u9069\u7528\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u4e09\u7b49\u8fb2\u696d\u884c\u653f-\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u8003\u524d\u885d\u523a-\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u4f60\u78ba\u5be6\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u55ce\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a877115d29bd\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a877115d29bd\"  aria-label=\"\u986f\u793a\/\u96b1\u85cf\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e3%80%90%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8%e3%80%91108%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e7%89%b9%e8%80%83%e8%80%83%e5%89%8d%e9%87%8d%e9%bb%9e%e6%95%b4%e7%90%86\" >\u3010\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u3011(108\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u8003\u524d\u91cd\u9ede\u6574\u7406)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%b8%80%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8%e6%a6%82%e8%ab%96\" >\u4e00\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u6982\u8ad6<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%ba%8c%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%94%9f%e7%94%a2%e6%b1%ba%e7%ad%96%e8%88%87%e4%be%9b%e7%b5%a6\" >\u4e8c\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207\u4f9b\u7d66<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%b8%89%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e9%9c%80%e6%b1%82\" >\u4e09\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u9700\u6c42<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e5%9b%9b%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%94%9f%e7%94%a2%e8%a6%81%e7%b4%a0\" >\u56db\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%ba%94%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e7%94%a2%e5%93%81%e5%b8%82%e5%a0%b4%e8%88%87%e5%83%b9%e6%a0%bc\" >\u4e94\u3001\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u50f9\u683c<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e5%85%ad%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e5%a0%b4%e7%b6%93%e7%87%9f\" >\u516d\u3001\u8fb2\u5834\u7d93\u71df<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%b8%83%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e7%94%a2%e9%81%8b%e9%8a%b7\" >\u4e03\u3001\u8fb2\u7522\u904b\u92b7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e5%85%ab%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95\" >\u516b\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e4%b9%9d%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e6%94%bf%e7%ad%96\" >\u4e5d\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u653f\u7b56<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e5%8d%81%e3%80%81%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e8%b6%a8%e5%8b%a2%e8%88%87%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e8%ad%b0%e9%a1%8c\" >\u5341\u3001\u570b\u969b\u8da8\u52e2\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u8b70\u984c<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/?p=2350\/#%e7%9c%8b%e6%9b%b4%e5%a4%9a%e9%81%a9%e5%90%88%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e7%89%b9%e8%80%83%e8%80%83%e8%a9%a6%e8%87%aa%e5%ad%b8%e6%ba%96%e5%82%99%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%80%e6%96%b0%e6%9b%b8%e7%b1%8d%e3%80%81%e7%b7%9a%e4%b8%8a%e8%aa%b2%e7%a8%8b%e8%b3%87%e8%a8%8a%3e%3e%e9%bb%9e%e6%88%91%e7%ab%8b%e5%8d%b3%e5%89%8d%e5%be%80\" >\u770b\u66f4\u591a\u9069\u5408\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u8003\u8a66\u81ea\u5b78\u6e96\u5099\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u66f8\u7c4d\u3001\u7dda\u4e0a\u8ab2\u7a0b\u8cc7\u8a0a&gt;&gt;\u9ede\u6211\u7acb\u5373\u524d\u5f80<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91\u5b98\u7db2-\u5716\u6587\u6a21\u7d44-banner-1-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91\u5b98\u7db2-\u5716\u6587\u6a21\u7d44-banner-1-10.jpg 640w, https:\/\/eyebook.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91\u5b98\u7db2-\u5716\u6587\u6a21\u7d44-banner-1-10-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u4e0d\u7528\u64d4\u5fc3\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u8fb2\u696d\u884c\u653f\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5982\u4f55\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u5e38\u8003\u8003\u9ede\u3001\u6613\u932f\u984c\u76ee\uff0c\u9019\u908a\u90fd\u5e6b\u4f60\u505a\u4e86\u7be9\u9078\u548c\u5f59\u6574\u56c9\uff01\u984c\u984c\u7686\u9644\u4e0a\u8a73\u7d30\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u540c\u5b78\u5011\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u641e\u6df7\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u5e6b\u4f60\u6253\u901a~\u8003\u524d\u9ad8\u6548\u7e3d\u8907\u7fd2\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u5c31\u5c0d\u4e86\uff01<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e3%80%90%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8%e3%80%91108%e5%9c%b0%e6%96%b9%e7%89%b9%e8%80%83%e8%80%83%e5%89%8d%e9%87%8d%e9%bb%9e%e6%95%b4%e7%90%86\"><\/span>\u3010\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u3011(108\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8003\u8003\u524d\u91cd\u9ede\u6574\u7406)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%b8%80%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%b6%93%e6%bf%9f%e5%ad%b8%e6%a6%82%e8%ab%96\"><\/span>\u4e00\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u6982\u8ad6<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><br>\u8fb2\u696d\u7522\u503c\u5360GDP\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff1a\u53f0\u7063\u904e\u53bb\u8fb2\u696d\u7522\u503c\u5360\u570b\u5167GDP\u4e4b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u753132%\u4e0b\u964d\u81f3\u7d041.6%(2018\u5e74)\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u610f\u5473\u8fb2\u696d\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u7d93\u6fdf\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9032\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u6db5\u84cb\u751f\u614b\u3001\u4fdd\u80b2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ce7\u98df\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4f11\u9592\u751f\u6d3b\u53ca\u4e16\u4ee3\u74b0\u5883\u5171\u4eab\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u9762\u50f9\u503c\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6574\u9ad4\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u56e0\u800c\u5f0f\u5fae\u3002<br>\u6a5f\u6703\u6210\u672c(opportunity cost)\uff1a\u56e0\u7d93\u6fdf\u500b\u9ad4\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u505a\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e4b\u6210\u672c\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u6a5f\u6703\u6210\u672c = \u6703\u8a08\u6210\u672c + \u96b1\u542b\u6210\u672c<br>\u5f9e\u4e0a\u8868\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u7576\u6703\u8a08\u6210\u672c\u70ba\u96f6\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u7279\u5b9a\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e4b\u6a5f\u6703\u6210\u672c\u70ba\u8a72\u8cc7\u6e90\u6295\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u653e\u68c4\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u9014\u4e2d\u80fd\u7372\u53d6\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u3002<br>\u6c89\u6c92\u6210\u672c(sunk cost)\uff1a\u662f\u6307\u5df2\u767c\u751f\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u4e14\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u5176\u6a5f\u6703\u6210\u672c\u70ba\u96f6\u4e4b\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%ba%8c%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%94%9f%e7%94%a2%e6%b1%ba%e7%ad%96%e8%88%87%e4%be%9b%e7%b5%a6\"><\/span>\u4e8c\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207\u4f9b\u7d66<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u751f\u7522\u51fd\u6578\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20\u6295\u5165\u6578\u91cf\u8207\u7a2e\u985e\uff0c\u8207\u5be6\u969b\u7522\u51fa\u898f\u6a21\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<br>\u751f\u7522\u8005\u5747\u8861\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u751f\u7522\u6280\u8853\u3001\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20\u50f9\u683c\u8207\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u8005\u7522\u91cf\u53ef\u9054\u6700\u5927\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20\u7d44\u5408\u9ede\u3002<br>\u4f9b\u7d66(Supply)\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u671f\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u751f\u7522\u8005\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u5e02\u5834\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\uff0c\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u51fa\u552e\u5546\u54c1\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u9700\u6c42\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u53ef\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u4f9b\u7d66\u8868(Supply Schedule)\u3001\u4f9b\u7d66\u51fd\u6578(Supply Function)\u8207\u4f9b\u7d66\u66f2\u7dda(Supply Curve)\u3002<br>\u7d55\u5c0dV.S\u6bd4\u8f03\u5229\u76ca\u6cd5\u5247\uff1a<br>\u7d55\u5c0d\u5229\u76ca\uff1a\u7531\u4e9e\u7576\u65af\u5bc6(Adam Smith)\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u6703\u9078\u64c7\u52de\u52d5\u56e0\u7d20\u4f7f\u7528\u6700\u4f4e\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u6a21\u5f0f\u9032\u6b65\u3002<br>\u6bd4\u8f03\u5229\u76ca\uff1a\u7531\u674e\u5609\u5716(Ricardo)\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u6703\u671d\u9078\u64c7\u6700\u4f4e\u6a5f\u6703\u6210\u672c\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u6a21\u5f0f\u9032\u5c55\u3002<br>\u4f9b\u7d66\u5f48\u6027\u4e4b\u4ecb\u7d39<br>\u4f9b\u7d66\u5f48\u6027\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u7576\u8ca1\u8ca8\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u5f97\u751f\u7522\u8005\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u751f\u7522\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5e7e\u3002<br>\u4f9b\u7d66\u5f48\u6027(Supply Elasticity)\u516c\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/659adab4-c0bd-4883-8d0d-3a6fb6ee26f9.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f9b\u7d66\u8b8a\u52d5V.S\u4f9b\u7d66\u91cf\u8b8a\u52d5<br>\u4f9b\u7d66\u91cf\u8b8a\u52d5\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u7576\u5546\u54c1\u81ea\u8eab\u50f9\u683c\u8b8a\u52d5\u6642\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u751f\u7522\u8005\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u751f\u7522\u96bb\u6578\u91cf\u767c\u751f\u6539\u8b8a\u4e4b\u884c\u70ba\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u4f9b\u7d66\u8b8a\u52d5\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u9664\u5546\u54c1\u81ea\u8eab\u50f9\u683c\u4ee5\u5916\u4e4b\u5916\u751f\u8b8a\u6578\u767c\u751f\u8b8a\u5316\u6642\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u751f\u7522\u8005\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u751f\u7522\u6578\u91cf\u4e4b\u6539\u8b8a\u884c\u70ba\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%b8%89%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e9%9c%80%e6%b1%82\"><\/span>\u4e09\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u9700\u6c42<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9700\u6c42(Demand)\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u6bb5\u671f\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u8ca1\u8ca8\u6216\u52de\u52d9\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\uff0c\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u6d88\u8cbb\u4e4b\u6578\u91cf\u3002<br>\u9700\u6c42\u5f48\u6027(Price Elasticity)\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u7576\u8ca1\u8ca8\u50f9\u683c\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u5f97\u6d88\u8cbb\u91cf\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u5e7e\uff0c\u53c8\u7a31\u50f9\u683c\u5f48\u6027\u3001\u9700\u6c42\u50f9\u683c\u5f48\u6027\u3002\u516c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/c9254493-0221-4df1-81d4-de66e283cda1.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u4ea4\u53c9\u5f48\u6027<br>\u4ea4\u53c9\u5f48\u6027(Cross Elasicity)\uff1a\u6307\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\u4e0b\uff0c\u7576\u5176\u4ed6\u8ca1\u8ca8\u50f9\u683c\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u6642\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u8ca1\u8ca8\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u4e4b\u8b8a\u52d5\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u7a31\u4e4b\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u9700\u6c42\u4ea4\u53c9\u5f48\u6027(Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand)\u3002\u5176\u53ef\u8861\u91cf\u76f8\u95dc\u8ca1\u8ca8\u50f9\u683c\u8b8a\u52d5\u5c0d\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<br>\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a\u5176\u516c\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/9ab712ea-4168-4a49-b6c2-e4fb5bc78cbb.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e5%9b%9b%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%94%9f%e7%94%a2%e8%a6%81%e7%b4%a0\"><\/span>\u56db\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20\u7a2e\u985e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/fdade618-62a2-4503-a020-4c33d8d25a44.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u96d9\u91cd\u7368\u4f54<br>\u96d9\u91cd\u7368\u4f54(double monopoly)\uff1a\u7576\u5ee0\u5546\u5728\u7522\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4f9b\u7d66\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u5c08\u8ce3\u8005(monopoly)\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u5728\u8981\u7d20\u5e02\u5834\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u5c08\u8cb7\u8005(monopsony)\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73fe\u5c0d\u52de\u52d5\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u5c08\u8cb7\u6027\u525d\u524a(monopsonistic exploitation)\u8207\u5c08\u8ce3\u6027\u525d\u524a(monopolistic exploitation)\u3002<br><br>\u96d9\u91cd\u7368\u4f54\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e4b\u89e3\u6790<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/d42f56be-854d-432a-bd70-be4e2526b0ed.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%ba%94%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e7%94%a2%e5%93%81%e5%b8%82%e5%a0%b4%e8%88%87%e5%83%b9%e6%a0%bc\"><\/span>\u4e94\u3001\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u50f9\u683c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e02\u5834\u5747\u8861(Market Equilibrium)\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u8ca1\u8ca8\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u8005\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u751f\u7522\u7684\u50f9\u683c\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u7b49\u65bc\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u9858\u610f\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u50f9\u683c\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u5e02\u5834\u4e2d\u7121\u591a\u9918\u7684\u8cb7\u8005\u8207\u8ce3\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u3002<br>\u793e\u6703\u798f\u5229\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5<br>\u524d\u8a00\uff1a\u5e02\u5834\u4f9b\u9700\u96d9\u65b9\u70ba\u8003\u91cf\u81ea\u8eab\u8207\u5916\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u64da\u672c\u8eab\u610f\u9858\u8207\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u9069\u5b9c\u4e4b\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea4\u6613\u7d50\u679c\u61c9\u6703\u7d66\u4e88\u96d9\u65b9\u6709\u5269\u9918\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\u611f\uff0c\u5373\u6eff\u8db3\u611f\u6703\u52dd\u904e\u90e8\u4ea4\u6613\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5269\u9918\u8207\u4f9b\u7d66\u8005\u5269\u9918\u5373\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u4f86\u3002<br>\u5e7e\u4f55\u5206\u6790<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img2.91mai.com\/o2o\/image\/9eb993ec-c987-4602-b9c5-e6bd129018e9.JPG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5012\u9700\u6c42\u6cd5\u5247<br>\u5012\u9700\u6c42\u6cd5\u5247\uff1a\u6b64\u70baRamsey\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53c8\u7a31\u4f5c\u96f7\u59c6\u897f\u6cd5\u5247(Ramsey rule)\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u70ba\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u8ab2\u5fb5\u7a05\u8ce6\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4efb\u4f55\u8ca1\u8ca8\u4e4b\u7121\u8b02\u640d\u5931\u7686\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u65bc\u9700\u6c42\u5f48\u6027\u5927\u4e4b\u8ca1\u8ca8\u8ab2\u5fb5\u4f4e\u7a05\u7387\uff1b\u5f48\u6027\u5c0f\u8005\u8ab2\u5fb5\u9ad8\u7a05\u7387\u3002<br>\u50f9\u683c\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u6642\u70ba\u4e86\u6c11\u751f\u6240\u9700(\u5982\u570b\u5167\u6cb9\u50f9\u51cd\u6f32)\u6216\u6276\u52a9\u5f31\u52e2\u65cf\u7fa4(\u71df\u990a\u5348\u9910\u50f9\u683c\u9650\u5236)\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5236\u8a02\u76f8\u95dc\u5546\u54c1\u4e4b\u50f9\u683c\u9650\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53c8\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u50f9\u683c\u4e0a\u9650\u8207\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\u9650\u3002<br>\u50f9\u683c\u4e0a\u9650(Price Celling)\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u88ab\u4eba\u70ba\u5730\u7ba1\u5236\u5728\u5747\u8861\u50f9\u683c\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002<br>\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\u9650\u8207\u6578\u91cf\u7ba1\u5236\uff1a\u50f9\u683c\u4e0b\u9650\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u88ab\u4eba\u70ba\u5730\u7ba1\u5236\u5728\u5747\u8861\u50f9\u683c\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u5728\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u5e02\u5834\u8207\u52de\u52d5\u5e02\u5834(\u52de\u57fa\u6cd5)\u3002<br>\u86db\u7db2\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a\u86db\u7db2\u7406\u8ad6(Cob-Web Theory)\u5c6c\u65bc\u52d5\u614b\u7406\u8ad6\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u7576\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u8207\u751f\u7522\u8005\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u8cc7\u8a0a\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7522\u751f\u50f9\u683c\u8207\u6578\u91cf\u5206\u96e2\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e5%85%ad%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e5%a0%b4%e7%b6%93%e7%87%9f\"><\/span>\u516d\u3001\u8fb2\u5834\u7d93\u71df<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c08\u4e00\u696d\u52d9\u8207\u96dc\u7570\u696d\u52d9<br>\u524d\u8a00\uff1a\u7576\u8fb2\u5834\u5c08\u71df\u4e00\u7a2e\u696d\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u7a31\u4f5c\u5c08\u696d\u5316\u8fb2\u4f5c(specialized farming)\uff0c\u82e5\u696d\u52d9\u96dc\u4e82\u8005\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u96dc\u7570\u5316\u8fb2\u4f5c(diversified farming)\u3002<br>\u5c08\u696d\u8fb2\u4f5c\u8207\u96dc\u7570\u8fb2\u4f5c<br>\u5c08\u696d\u8fb2\u4f5c\uff1a\u8fb2\u5834\u5c08\u6ce8\u751f\u7522\u67d0\u4e00\u7a2e\u4f5c\u7269\u6216\u7272\u755c\u7b49\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u96dc\u7570\u8fb2\u4f5c\uff1a\u8fb2\u5834\u7d93\u71df\u591a\u9805\u696d\u52d9\u8005\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u5169\u8005\u9593\u70ba\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5dee\u7570\u4e4b\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7a2e\u985e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5982\u8fb2\u5834\u82e5\u4e3b\u8981\u696d\u52d9\u4f54\u64da\u7e3d\u6536\u5165\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u696d\u52d9\u70ba\u8f14\u52a9\uff0c\u5247\u6b64\u7a2e\u72c0\u614b\u4ea6\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u8fb2\u4f5c\u3002<br>\u5c0d\u7368\u4f54\u4e4b\u7ba1\u5236<br>\u81ea\u7136\u7368\u5360\u5ee0\u5546\u4e4b\u7ba1\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u7368\u4f54\u5ee0\u5546(AC\u70ba\u905e\u6e1b\uff0cMC\u70ba\u6c34\u5e73\u7dda)\u7279\u8272\u5728\u65bc\u9700\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u8cc7\u672c\u8207\u5ee0\u623f\u8a2d\u5099\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u555f\u52d5\u6210\u672c\u9f90\u5927\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u7522\u91cf\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u5e73\u5747\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002<br>\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b<br>\u7368\u5360\u5b9a\u50f9\u6cd5\uff1a\u6b64\u5373\u5ee0\u5546\u4f9d\u64daMR=MC\u5b9a\u50f9\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e26\u7121\u7ba1\u5236\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u5176\u7f3a\u9ede\u70ba\u50f9\u683c\u904e\u9ad8\uff0c\u7522\u80fd\u904e\u4f4e\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5269\u9918\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e14\u626d\u66f2\u793e\u6703\u8cc7\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7121\u8b02\u640d\u5931\u3002<br>\u5e73\u5747\u6210\u672c\u5b9a\u50f9\u6cd5(Average Cost Pricing)\uff1a\u6b64\u6cd5\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u5ee0\u5546\u5c07\u50f9\u683c\u5b9a\u5728AC\u8207\u9700\u6c42\u66f2\u7dda(AR)\u4e4b\u76f8\u4ea4\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%b8%83%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e7%94%a2%e9%81%8b%e9%8a%b7\"><\/span>\u4e03\u3001\u8fb2\u7522\u904b\u92b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u904b\u92b7(marketing)\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u5c07\u751f\u7522\u8005\u6240\u751f\u7522\u4e4b\u7522\u54c1\u79fb\u8f49\u81f3\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u4f5c\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u7d93\u6fdf\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u7686\u7d71\u7a31\u505a\u904b\u92b7\u3002\u800c\u904b\u92b7\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u52a0\u5de5\u300d\u53ef\u589e\u52a0\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6548\u7528\uff1b\u300c\u5132\u85cf\u300d\u80fd\u5ef6\u9577\u7269\u54c1\u6642\u9593\u6548\u7528\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1b\u300c\u904b\u8f38\u300d\u53ef\u767c\u5c55\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5730\u57df\u6548\u7528\uff1b\u300c\u8cb7\u8ce3\u300d\u53ef\u5275\u9020\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5360\u6709\u6548\u7528\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u904b\u92b7\u53ef\u63d0\u5347\u7269\u54c1\u591a\u7a2e\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u6545\u5176\u70ba\u751f\u7522\u4e4b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<br>\u904b\u92b7\u6210\u672c<br>\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u5c07\u5546\u54c1\u5f9e\u751f\u7522\u8005\u79fb\u8f49\u4e4b\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u8017\u8cbb\u4e4b\u52de\u529b\u7269\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u904b\u92b7\u5de5\u5177\u4e4b\u640d\u8017\u8207\u6cb9\u8017\uff0c\u5305\u88dd\u4e4b\u52de\u529b\u8207\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u904b\u92b7\u8077\u80fd\u57f7\u884c\u7686\u6703\u8017\u8cbb\u8a31\u591a\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002<br>\u904b\u92b7\u6210\u672c\u4e4b\u8a08\u7b97\uff1a\u5c07\u57f7\u884c\u904b\u92b7\u8017\u8cbb\u4e4b\u6240\u6709\u52de\u529b\u7269\u529b\u6298\u7b97\u70ba\u8ca8\u5e63\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u904b\u92b7\u904e\u7a0b\u5f9e\u751f\u7522\u8005\u81f3\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u624b\u4e2d\u82b1\u8cbb\u4e4b\u7a2e\u7a2e\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u65b9\u5f0f\u70ba\u5c07\u751f\u7522\u8005\u6240\u5f97\u50f9\u683c\u8207\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u6240\u4ed8\u50f9\u683c\u4e4b\u5dee\u984d\u3002<br>\u904b\u92b7\u6210\u672c\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u70ba\u80fd\u5728\u6700\u5c0f\u904b\u92b7\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u6700\u5177\u904b\u92b7\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u8fb2\u7522\u904b\u92b7\u4e4b\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u904b\u92b7\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u4f4e\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u904b\u92b7\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u6548\u7387\u4e4b\u512a\u52a3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e5%85%ab%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95\"><\/span>\u516b\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55(agricultural development)\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a<br>\u72f9\u7fa9\u4e4b\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\uff1a\u6307\u4e00\u570b\u8fb2\u696d\u7e3d\u7522\u51fa\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u9577\u3002<br>\u5ee3\u7fa9\u4e4b\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\uff1a\u6cdb\u6307\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8207\u74b0\u4fdd\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u6539\u826f\u3002<br>\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\uff1a\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u72f9\u7fa9\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9769\u6307\u7684\u662f\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u914d\uff1b\u5ee3\u7fa9\u5247\u70ba\u8207\u571f\u5730\u6709\u95dc\u4e4b\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u5584\u5747\u53ef\u7a31\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u4f43\u8fb2\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5730\u79df\u9650\u5ea6\u3001\u571f\u5730\u7e7c\u627f\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u91d1\u878d\u5efa\u7acb\u8207\u571f\u5730\u7a05\u5236\u6539\u9032\u5747\u53ef\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u6b77\u7a0b-\u8fb2\u696d\u8207\u5de5\u696d\u4e4b\u5e73\u8861\uff1a\u5de5\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u4f5c\u5f15\u5c0e\uff0c\u5728\u5b78\u754c\u898b\u89e3\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c01\u9589\u7d93\u6fdf\u6642\u4ee3\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de5\u696d\u6240\u9700\u7ce7\u98df\u8207\u539f\u6599\u52e2\u5fc5\u4f86\u81ea\u570b\u5167\u4f9b\u7d66\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u8fb2\u696d\u8cbf\u6613\u767c\u9054\u8207\u5168\u7403\u5206\u5de5\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u570b\u751f\u7522\u6700\u6709\u5229\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u8207\u4ed6\u570b\u9032\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u6548\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5de5\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b8c\u5168\u4ef0\u8cf4\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5373\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u70ba\u5de5\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u5145\u5206\u689d\u4ef6\u800c\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<br>\u8fb2\u696d\u91d1\u878d(agricultural finance)<br>\u6307\u8fb2\u696d\u8cc7\u91d1\u4e4b\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u5982\u8fb2\u6c11\u501f\u8cb8\u6b3e\u3001\u5132\u84c4\u3001\u532f\u514c\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u4ea4\u6613\u6536\u4ed8\u6b3e\u7b49\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u8fb2\u696d\u8ca8\u5e63\u8cc7\u91d1\u6216\u4fe1\u7528\u5468\u6d41\u8f49\u79fb\u4e4b\u6d3b\u52d5\u7d71\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u8fb2\u696d\u4fdd\u96aa<br>\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c64\u9762\uff1a\u53ef\u5f9e\u5169\u500b\u8996\u89d2\u4f86\u63ed\u793a\u5f9e\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4fdd\u96aa\u662f\u5206\u6524\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u6545\u640d\u5931\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8ca1\u52d9\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5c11\u6578\u4e0d\u5e78\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u640d\u5931\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u53d7\u640d\u8005\u5728\u5167\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u54e1\u5206\u64d4\uff1b\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4fdd\u96aa\u662f\u4fdd\u96aa\u4eba\u548c\u6295\u4fdd\u4eba\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u5408\u540c\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u4fdd\u96aa\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u8ce0\u511f\u640d\u5931\u6216\u7d66\u4ed8\u4fdd\u96aa\u91d1\u7d66\u88ab\u4fdd\u96aa\u4eba\u6216\u6536\u76ca\u4eba\uff0c\u6295\u4fdd\u4eba\u901a\u904e\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4fdd\u96aa\u55ae\u4f4d\u628a\u98a8\u96aa\u8f49\u79fb\u7d66\u4fdd\u96aa\u4eba\u3002&nbsp;<br>\u8fb2\u696d\u4fdd\u96aa\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u8fb2\u696d\u4fdd\u96aa\u70ba\u4ee5\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u8005\u4e4b\u8eab\u9ad4\u3001\u8077\u696d\u6216\u8ca1\u7522\u7b49\u70ba\u4fdd\u96aa\u6a19\u7684\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u4fdd\u96aa\u696d\u52d9\u3002\u8fb2\u696d\u751f\u7522\u8005\u5305\u542b\u8fb2\u3001\u6797\u3001\u6f01\u3001\u7267\u7b49\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d93\u71df\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u6cd5\u4eba\u7d44\u7e54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e4%b9%9d%e3%80%81%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e6%94%bf%e7%ad%96\"><\/span>\u4e5d\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u653f\u7b56<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fb2\u696d\u653f\u7b56(agricultural policy)\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u8fb2\u696d\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4eba\u53e3\u4e4b\u4e8b\u5373\u7a31\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u5c0d\u8fb2\u696d\u4e4b\u8a08\u756b\u8a55\u5b9a\u3001\u8f14\u5c0e\u5354\u52a9\u8207\u50f9\u683c\u53ca\u570b\u5167\u5916\u5e02\u5834\u76f8\u95dc\u7ba1\u5236\u4e4b\u63aa\u65bd\u7686\u70ba\u8fb2\u696d\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<br>\u8fb2\u696d\u571f\u5730\u653f\u7b56(agricultural land policy)<br>\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5b9a\u8fb2\u696d\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6b0a(land-ownership)\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u6b0a(land user)\u4e4b\u5206\u914d\u8207\u8fb2\u5730\u5229\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u653f\u7b56\u63aa\u65bd\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u898f\u6a21\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u7bc4\u7587\u7d93\u6fdf<br>\u898f\u6a21\u7d93\u6fdf\uff1a\u7576\u7522\u80fd\u64f4\u5927\u6642\uff0c\u4f01\u696d\u5167\u90e8\u7522\u751f\u6709\u529b\u751f\u7522\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6578\u9ede<br>\u85c9\u7531\u591a\u89d2\u5316\u7d93\u71df\uff0c\u6216\u5782\u76f4\u6c34\u5e73\u6574\u5408\u76f8\u95dc\u751f\u7522\u5ee0\u5546\u3002<br>\u5229\u7528\u73fe\u6709\u6280\u8853\u8207\u5546\u8b7d\u9032\u884c\u76f8\u95dc\u7522\u54c1\u751f\u7522\u3002<br>\u7ba1\u7406\u968e\u5c64\u4e4b\u767c\u63ee\u8207\u64f4\u53ca\u3002<br>\u5c08\u696d\u5206\u5de5\u3002<br>\u7bc4\u7587\u7d93\u6fdf(economy of scope)\uff1a\u4f9d\u64daPanzar\u8207Willig(1981)\uff0c\u5c0d\u7bc4\u7587\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e4b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u751f\u7522\u8981\u7d20\u5171\u4eab\u4e0b\uff0c\u751f\u7522 \u8207 \u5169\u7a2e\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u6703\u9ad8\u65bc\u5206\u5225\u5169\u7a2e\u7522\u54c1\u6210\u672c\u4e4b\u7e3d\u548c\u300d\u3002\u7576\u7522\u696d\u5177\u5099\u898f\u6a21\u8207\u7bc4\u7587\u7d93\u6fdf\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u806f\u5408\u751f\u7522\u6216\u7531\u4e00\u5bb6\u5ee0\u5546\u751f\u7522\u8f03\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u3002<br>\u5c0f\u8fb2\u7d93\u71df\u4e4b\u56f0\u5883\u8207\u8f49\u6a5f<br>\u5c0f\u8fb2\u7d93\u71df\u96e3\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u898f\u6a21\u7d93\u6fdf\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u55ae\u4f4d\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u4e0d\u6575\u6df1\u5165\u5546\u696d\u5316\u4e4b\u5927\u578b\u8fb2\u5834\uff0c\u50f9\u683c\u96e3\u8207\u5339\u6575\u3002\u800c\u6b64\u6642\u53ef\u85c9\u7531\u7d44\u7e54\u8fb2\u7522\u904b\u92b7\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\uff0c\u8ddf\u5404\u7a2e\u8fb2\u7522\u7d44\u7e54\u9032\u884c\u7b56\u7565\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u6574\u5408\u8207\u767c\u63ee\u5168\u9ad4\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u64f4\u5927\u751f\u7522\u6578\u91cf\u4ee5\u767c\u63ee\u898f\u6a21\u7d93\u6fdf\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u518d\u5229\u7528\u7522\u92b7\u5408\u4f5c\u4f86\u63d0\u5347\u884c\u92b7\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002<br>\u5c0f\u8fb2\u5236\u5ea6\u96d6\u96e3\u6575\u8207\u5e02\u5834\u5927\u8fb2\u5236\u5ea6\u9032\u884c\u50f9\u683c\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u5177\u6709\u975e\u50f9\u683c\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6a5f\u52d5\u8abf\u9069\u74b0\u5883\u8b8a\u9077\u7684\u5f48\u6027\u3002\u5c0f\u8fb2\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u8f03\u70ba\u7cbe\u7dfb\u7684\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u71df\u578b\u614b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u53ef\u9078\u64c7\u751f\u7522\u8f03\u5177\u672c\u571f\u7279\u8272\u3001\u6280\u8853\u512a\u52e2\u7684\u7cbe\u7dfb\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u8207\u570b\u969b\u5927\u5b97\u8cbf\u6613\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u9032\u884c\u5e02\u5834\u5340\u9694\u3002 \u800c\u4f11\u9592\u8fb2\u696d\u662f\u7d50\u5408\u7522\u696d\u7279\u6027\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u666f\u89c0\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u7279\u8272\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5728\u5730\u7522\u696d\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u7531\u9032\u53e3\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8f03\u4e0d\u53d7\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u8cbf\u6613\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u7684\u885d\u64ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7d93\u6fdf\u6210\u9577\u53ca\u6240\u5f97\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u570b\u4eba\u5c0d\u4f11\u9592\u65c5\u904a\u4e4b\u9700\u6c42\u65e5\u76ca\u6bb7\u5207\uff0c\u6545\u570b\u5167\u7cbe\u7dfb\u5316\u7d50\u5408\u4f11\u9592\u8fb2\u696d\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u4ecd\u6709\u5176\u767c\u5c55\u7a7a\u9593\u3002<br>\u7ce7\u98df\u81ea\u7d66\u7387(Self-Sufficiency Ratio)<br>\u6307\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u7ce7\u98df\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u672c\u5730\u4e4b\u6bd4\u7387\u7a31\u4e4b\u30022018\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u7ce7\u98df\u81ea\u7d66\u7387\u662f34.64%\u3002<br>\u4f11\u9592\u8fb2\u696d(Agricultural Tourism)\uff1a\u6307\u5229\u7528\u7530\u5712\u666f\u89c0\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u614b\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u74b0\u5883\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u8207\u8fb2\u6797\u6f01\u7267\u751f\u7522\u4f5c\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u5275\u65b0\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u71df\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u8fb2\u696d\u6587\u5316\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u570b\u6c11\u4f11\u9592\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u8fb2\u6751\u9ad4\u9a57\u70ba\u76ee\u6a19\u4e4b\u8fb2\u696d\u7d93\u71df\u6a21\u5f0f\u7a31\u4e4b\u3002<br>\u5b89\u5168\u8fb2\u696d(Safe Agriculture)\uff1a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8f03\u4e0d\u6c61\u67d3\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u4e0d\u7834\u58de\u751f\u614b\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u5b89\u5168\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u7522\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%e5%8d%81%e3%80%81%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e8%b6%a8%e5%8b%a2%e8%88%87%e8%be%b2%e6%a5%ad%e8%ad%b0%e9%a1%8c\"><\/span>\u5341\u3001\u570b\u969b\u8da8\u52e2\u8207\u8fb2\u696d\u8b70\u984c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u95dc\u7a05(Tarriff)\uff1a\u6307\u5546\u54c1\u9032\u5165\u6216\u96e2\u958b\u4e00\u570b\u570b\u754c\u6240\u9700\u7e73\u4ea4\u4e4b\u7a05\u8ce6\u3002<br>\u975e\u95dc\u7a05\u969c\u7919(Non-Tariff Barriers\uff1bNTB)&nbsp;<br>\u88dc\u8cbc(subsidies)\uff1a\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8ca0\u7684\u95dc\u7a05\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u6539\u8b8a\u9032\u51fa\u53e3\u4e4b\u570b\u5167\u8207\u570b\u969b\u50f9\u683c\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u9f13\u52f5\u9032\u53e3\u6216\u51fa\u53e3\u6578\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\u4e4b\u76ee\u6a19\u3002<br>\u914d\u984d(quota)\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u6bb5\u671f\u9593\u5167\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u67d0\u7522\u54c1\u6240\u80fd\u9032\u53e3\u6216\u51fa\u53e3\u4e4b\u6700\u5927\u6578\u91cf\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u914d\u984d\u56e0\u8996\u570b\u5167\u9700\u6c42\u4f86\u5236\u5b9a\u6578\u91cf\uff0c\u8cbf\u6613\u5e72\u9810\u4e4b\u6548\u679c\u66f4\u8f03\u95dc\u7a05\u6709\u6548\u3002<br>\u653f\u5e9c\u63a1\u8cfc\u653f\u7b56(government procurement)\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u81ea\u8eab\u6216\u9f13\u52f5\u4eba\u6c11\u8cfc\u8cb7\u570b\u8ca8\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5c0d\u9032\u53e3\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b\u7d93\u6fdf\u523a\u6fc0\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u300c\u8cfc\u8cb7\u7f8e\u570b\u8ca8\u300d(Buy American)\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u4f01\u696d\u53ca\u8cbf\u6613\u4f19\u4f34\u7684\u6297\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u570b\u5167\u751f\u7522\u8005\u53ca\u5de5\u6703\u5247\u6b61\u547c\u53eb\u597d\u3002<br>\u884c\u653f\u969c\u7919(administrative barrier)<br>\u884c\u653f\u5201\u96e3\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u7c3d\u8b49\u8207\u9032\u53e3\u901a\u95dc\u4e4b\u624b\u7e8c\u7e41\u8907\u3002<br>\u7522\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u898f\u683c\uff1a\u5982\u5c0d\u96fb\u5668\u6216\u6c7d\u8eca\u7b49\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u6709\u56b4\u683c\u800c\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u4e4b\u5b89\u5168\u898f\u5b9a\u3002<br>\u885b\u751f\u6aa2\u9a57\uff1a\u5982\u5916\u570b\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u6216\u91ab\u7642\u7528\u54c1\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u56b4\u683c\u4e4b\u6aa2\u75ab\u8207\u91ab\u7642\u6a19\u6e96\u3002<br>\u5e73\u8861\u7a05(counterveiling duties)\uff1a\u7576\u8cbf\u6613\u5c0d\u624b\u570b\u63a1\u88dc\u8cbc\u51fa\u53e3\u653f\u7b56\u6642\uff0c\u9032\u53e3\u570b\u53ef\u8ab2\u5fb5\u9032\u53e3\u5e73\u8861\u7a05\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u5c11\u9032\u53e3\u6578\u91cf\u3002<br>\u51fa\u53e3\u81ea\u52d5\u8a2d\u9650(Voluntary Export Restraints\uff1bVER)\uff1a\u9032\u51fa\u53e3\u570b\u96d9\u65b9\u900f\u904e\u5354\u5546\uff0c\u7531\u51fa\u53e3\u570b\u300c\u81ea\u9858\u6027\u300d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u5176\u51fa\u53e3\u91cf\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u904e\u96d9\u65b9\u7d04\u5b9a\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u6c34\u6e96\u3002<br>\u53cd\u50be\u92b7\u7a05(anti-dumping duties)\uff1a\u82e5\u8cbf\u6613\u5c0d\u624b\u570b\u63a1\u53d6\u50be\u92b7\u653f\u7b56\u6642\uff0c\u9032\u53e3\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u5247\u6703\u4ee5\u8ab2\u5fb5\u53cd\u50be\u92b7\u7a05\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u6e1b\u5c11\u9032\u53e3\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u3002<br>\u7ba1\u5236\u5916\u532f\uff1a\u7d93\u7531\u592e\u884c\u5c0d\u5916\u532f\u6578\u91cf\u8207\u532f\u7387\u4e4b\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u9593\u63a5\u6027\u4e4b\u9650\u5236\u570b\u969b\u8cbf\u6613\u9032\u51fa\u53e3\u6578\u91cf\u3002<br>WTO\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u8cbf\u6613<br>WTO\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1aWTO\u5c0d\u6211\u570b\u8fb2\u696d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73fe\u5728<br>\u7a2e\u690d\u9762\u7a4d\u6e1b\u5c11<br>\u8fb2\u7522\u8cbf\u6613\u9006\u5dee\u64f4\u5927<br>\u8fb2\u7522\u7522\u5730\u50f9\u683c\u4e43\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301<br>FTA\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u8cbf\u6613<br>FTA\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a\u82e5\u4ee5\u53f0\u7d10FTA\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u5177\u51fa\u53e3\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u6211\u570b\u4e3b\u8981\u8fb2\u7522\u54c1\u4e26\u7121\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u964d\u4f4e\u96d9\u65b9\u5e02\u5834\u958b\u653e\u885d\u64ca\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5982\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u6b64\u7a2e\u4ee5\u670d\u52d9\u696d\u70ba\u4e3b\u4e4b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u82e5\u7c3d\u8a02\u53f0\u661fFTA\uff0c\u5247\u56e0\u5c0d\u65b9\u7522\u696d\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u672c\u570b\u4e4b\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u4e4b\u885d\u64ca\uff1b\u4f46\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u8207\u6b50\u7f8e\u6216\u6771\u4e9e\u570b\u5bb6\u7c3d\u8a02FTA\u4e4b\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u56e0\u8fb2\u696d\u7522\u503c\u7686\u4f54\u5404\u570b\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u8981\u958b\u653e\u570b\u5167\u8fb2\u696d\u5e02\u5834\uff0c\u6b64\u5c07\u9020\u6210\u5f71\u97ff\u570b\u5167\u8fb2\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u3002<br>TPP\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d<br>CPTPP\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u8fb2\u696d\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff1a 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